Nation pays homage to Quaid on 139th birth anniversary

KARACHI: The 139th birth anniversary of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah is being celebrated across the country on Friday with due enthusiasm. Jinnah wasborn on Dec 25, 1876, in Karachi.The day has been declared a public holiday.A change of guard ceremony was held at the Quaid’s mausoleum in Karachi in the morning, where Commandant PMA Major Gen Nadeem Raza was the guest of honour.Cadets from PMA Kakul assumed guards' duties at Quaid's mausoleum. —DawnNews screengrabA contingent comprising180 cadets from the Pakistan Military Academy Kakul assumed guards' duties at the mausoleum.President Mamnoon Hussain along with Sindh Governor Dr Ishratul Ebad Khan and Sindh Chief Minister Qaim Ali Shah paid a visit to the mausoleum where they placed wreaths and offeredFateha.President Mamnoon Hussain along with Sindh Governor Dr Ishratul Ebad Khan and Sindh Chief Minister Qaim Ali Shah paida visit to the mausoleum. —DawnNews screengrabA military band played ceremonial and marching tunes, including the national anthem.In their messages on theoccasion, President Mam­noon Hussain andPrime Minister Nawaz Sharif paid tribute to theQuaid’s leadership.The presidenturged the nationto forge unity to defeat the forces of extremism and militancyand try to uphold the principles of democracy,constitution and the ruleof law. “Let us dedicate ourselves, on this historic occasion, to keep the unity of the country and glory of Islam uppermost in our thought and deed.”

Pak’s 5000 glaciers retreating fastest

The country is vulnerable to a host of natural hazards, particularly of hydro meteorological nature, the frequency and intensity of which has increased due to climate change. The recurring extreme events that Pakistan has faced in the recent years carried significant climate change footprints. These included flash floods, cyclones, heat waves, droughts, glacial lake outburst floods and intrusion of saline seawater into the Indus River Delta Region. Pakistan suffered economic losses of more than US$15 billion during floods of 2010 to 2012.Pakistan is categorised amongst the highly vulnerable countries to the adverse impacts of climate change due to its diverse topographic anddemographic settings. Pakistan’s 5000 glaciers are on retreat. They are retreating faster than any other part of the world, according to new Pakistan Economic Survey 2014-15.The country is vulnerable to a host of natural hazards, particularly of hydro meteorological nature, the frequency and intensity of which has increased due to climate change. The recurring extreme events that Pakistan has faced in the recent years carried significant climate change footprints.These included flash floods, cyclones, heat waves, droughts, glacial lake outburst floods and intrusion of saline seawater into the Indus River Delta Region. Pakistan suffered economic losses of more than US$15 billion during floods of 2010 to 2012.The unprecedented floods of 2010 were described by the UN secretary general as a slow moving tsunami. More than 20 million people were affected and roughly 300,000 were displaced.Climate change is severely impacting the development aspirations of almost all developing countries. Although the developing countries do not have the historical responsibility for the present day challenges yet they are taking the brunt of its negative impacts. It even threatens the very survival of the small island developing states.The sustainable development prospects of Pakistan are undermined by the climate change inmultiple ways which has already entrenched with numerous economic, security and social challenges. While the ministry of climate change is working to avert these challenges for Pakistan, climate change is serving not only as a threat but also a threat multiplier.Above all, it is seriously undermining the gains achieved in this regard. It is inflicting huge losses to human life and property. It is also causing additional stress on the sustainability and access to natural resources both for the present and moreimportantly for the future generations.Join us on FacebookThe actions to address climate change should ensure the sustainable development and sustained economic growth of the developing countries and the universal elimination of poverty,hunger and disease. In Pakistan alone, additional US $ 6 – 14 billion are required annually to adapt to the climate change adverse impacts.Pakistan’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are low compared to international standards. In 20 08, Pakistan’s total GHG emissions were 310 million tons of CO2 equivalents. These comprised:CO2 54% Methane (Ch4) 36%; Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 9%; Carbon Monoxide (CO) 0.7%; and Non – Methane Volatile Organic Compounds 0.3%.The energy sector is the single largest source of GHG emission in Pakistan; it accounts for nearly 51% of these emissions and is followed by processes (6%), land use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) (3%) emissions and waste (1%).As such, the most important targets for mitigation efforts focused on reduction of GHG emissions arethe energy and agriculture sectors. In the energy sector, integration climate change and energy policy objectives are particularly important. The buildings and transport infrastructure put in place today should meet the design needs of the future.Join us on TwitterNotwithstanding the fact that Pakistan’s contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is very small, its role as a responsible member of the global community is very important in combating climate change – in mitigation efforts in sectors such as energy, forestry, transport, industries, urban planning, agriculture and livestock.Furthermore, appropriate actions relating to disaster preparedness, capacity building, institutional strengthening; and awareness rising in relevant sectors is also a part of this framework for implementation of National Climate Change Policy which has been developed not as an end in itself but rather a catalyst for mainstreaming climate change concerns into decision making that will create enabling condition for integrated climate compatible development processes.It is therefore not a stand-alone document but rather an integral and synergistic accomplishment to future planning of the country.Despite being a low GHG emitter, Pakistan is bearing the brunt of climate change related disasters at a high cost to its economy. It thereforerequires concerted efforts to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change.Number of measures are in focus to address both mitigation and enhancing various ongoing effortsand initiating new activities such as adaptation strategies, mitigation strategies, clean development mechanism and nationally appropriate mitigation actions.The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency in coordination with international union for conservation of nature, ICUN and other partners had recently conducted the National Impact Assessment Programme (NIAP).The programme is aimed at contributing to sustainable development in Pakistan through strengthening the environmental impact assessment process introducing Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in national development planning.Based on the experience of NIAP, it is expected that interventions at the policy level through introduction of SEA, capacity building, development of tools, procedures and mechanisms and improved understanding of impact assessment processes, principles of sustainable development could be introduced intocountry policies and programmes.August, 2015By:PPISource:Pakistan Today

Two Nation Theory

Two Nation TheoryOutline1 TWO NATION THEORY2 Meaning of Two Nation Theory3 THE BASIS OF THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN4 1.Religious Differences5 2.Hindu Nationalism6 3.Cultural Differences7 4.Social Differences8 5.Economics Differences9 6.Educational Differences10 7.Political Differences11 (i) Hindi Urdu Controversy12 (ii) Congress Attitude13 (iii) Partition of Bengal14 8.Language15 Sir syed Ahmed Khan-The Pioneer of Two Nation Theory16 TWO NATION THEORY IN THE VIEW OF ALLAMA IQBAL17 QUAID-E-AZAM'S STATEMENT ON TWO NATION THEORY18CONCLUSION----------------------------------------------------------------------------Meaning of Two Nation TheoryThe Two Nation Theory in its simplest way means the cultural,political,religious,economic and social dissimilarities between the two major communities.Hindus and Muslims of the Sub Continent.These difference of out look ,in fact,were greatly instrumental in giving rise totwo distinct political ideologies which were responsible for the partition of India into two independent states.THE BASIS OF THE CREATION OF PAKISTANThe Two Nation Theory was the basis of the struggle for creation of Pakistan which held that Hindus and Muslims are two separate Nations.They in spite of living together for centuries could not forget their individual cultures and civilization.Al-Beruni recorded his ideas in 1001 A.D in his famous book"Kitab-ul-Hind" as:"The Hindus society maintained this peculiar character over the centuries.The two socities,Hindus and Muslims,like two streamshave sometimes touched but never merged,each following its separate course."There are a few factors which split the inhabitants of the Sub Continent into two Nations.Let us examine each of them separately.1.Religious DifferencesThe Hindus and Muslims belong to different religions.Islam preaches Tawheed (oneness of Allah) and believes in equality of man before law.Muslims are the believers of God,The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) the Holy Book Quran and hold a cohesive approach towardslife.Hinduism,on the other hand is based on the concept of multiple Gods.Their society follows a caste system and is divided into fourclasses and have a very narrow approach towards life.2.Hindu NationalismA number of Hindu nationalist movements,which emerged from time to time in the Indian history ,added fuel to the fire by playing up the tension and antagonism whichalready existed between the two communities.The Hindu nationalist leaders totally ignored the great contribution made by the Muslims inthe indian society by way of promoting education and other social activities.Their writings and ideas flared up the communal discord between Hindus and Muslims to further pollute the political condition.3.Cultural DifferencesMuslim followed the Islamic culture while Hindus inherited a self build culture.The Hindus burnt their dead bodies while Muslims burred them.Hindus considered the 'Mother cow' as a sacred animal and worshiped it while Muslims slaughtered it.they performed 'sati' while Muslims abhorred this tradition .The Hindus and Muslims did not intermarry nor they inter-dine.4.Social DifferencesThe two communities of the Sub Continent differ in their social life as well.The clothes,thefoods,the household utensils,the layout of homes,the words of salutation,the gestures and every thing about them was different and immediately pointed to their distinctive origin.5.Economics DifferencesAfter 1857,the Muslim economic was crushed and all trade policies were framed in such a way so as to determent the Muslim condition.They were thrown out of Government services and the their estates and properties were confiscated,while the Hindus were provided with ample opportunities to progress economically.6.Educational DifferencesThe Hindus had advanced in the educational field because they quickly and readily took theenglish education.While Muslims did not receive modern education which heavily affected their economic conditions.7.Political DifferencesThe political differences between the Hindus and Muslims have played an important role in the developement and evolution of Two Nation Theory.(i) Hindi Urdu ControversyIn 1867,Hindus demande that Urdu should be written in Hindi Script instead of Persian script.This created another gap between Hindus and Muslims.(ii) Congress AttitudeThe Indian national Congress was founded in 1885.It claimed to represent all communities of India but oppressed all Muslim ideas and supported the Hindus.(iii) Partition of BengalIn 1905,the partition of Bengal ensured a number of political benefits for the Muslims,but the Hindus launched an agitation against the partition and partition was annulled in 1911.8.LanguageThe Muslimsand Hindus wrote and spoke twodifferent languages .The language of the former was Urdu and it was written in Arabic Script.On the other hand ,the Hindi language was spoken by Hindus and it was written in Sanskrit.Urdu and Hindi language had the difference in writing,thoughts of poetry,arts,painting and words of music.Even this small difference lead to a stirring conflict between the two nations.Sir syed Ahmed Khan-The Pioneer of Two Nation TheorySir Syed Ahmed Khan,the pioneer of two nation theory,used the word 'two nation' for Hindus and Muslims after being concinced of the Hindus and Congress hatred,hostility and prejudice for the Muslims.The entire freedom movement revolved around the two nation theory which was introduced by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.He considered all those lived in India as one nation and was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity.Speaking at the meeting of Indian Association he said:"I look to both Hindus and Muslims with the same eyes and consider them as my own eyes.By the word 'Nation' I mean only Hindus and Muslims and nothing else,We,Hindus andMuslims live together on the same soil under the same government.Our intrests and problems are common,and therfore,I considerthe two factions as one nation."Sir Syed Ahmed Khan did his best to make the Muslims realize their differences ewith the Hindus with regard to religions,social and language national and international identity and for this purpose he diverted attention of the Indian Muslims towards a new idea of"Two Nation" or "Two entities."After Hindi-Urdu controversy Sir Syed felt that it was not possible for Hindus and Muslims toprogress as a single nation.He said:" I am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims could never become one nation as their religion and way of life was quite distinctfrom each other."TWO NATION THEORY IN THE VIEW OF ALLAMAIQBALAllama Iqbal was the first important figure who propounded the idea of separate homeland on the basis of two nation theory.He firmly believed in the separate identity of the Muslims as a nation and suggested that there would be no possibility of peace in the country unless and untill they were recognized as a nation.In the annual session of Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930,he said:"India is a continent of human beings belonging to different languages and professing different religions...I,therefore,demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best interests of the Muslims of India and Islam."QUAID-E-AZAM'S STATEMENT ON TWO NATION THEORYThe most clear and emphatic exposition is found in Jinnah's statement and speeches.He expounded the two nation theory in such detail that most Muslims and even some Hindus came to believe in its truth.He declared:" Muslims are not a minority,They are one nation by every definition of the word nation.By all canons of international law we are a nation."Quaid-e-Azam reiterated that Hindus and Muslims could ever evolve a common nationality was on idle dream.They are a totally different nation .They have an unbridgeable gulf between them and they stand miles apart in regards to their ideals,culture and religion.In 1973,he said:"Hindustan is neither one country,nor its inhabitants one nation.This is Sub Continent which consist of many nations of which the Hindus and Muslims are two major nations."CONCLUSIONThe Muslims apprehended that they would lose their identity if they remained a part of Hindu society.They also came to realize the above mentioned differences between them and the Hindus a